The international phonetic alphabet
Vowels:
Consonants:
bilabial | labio- dental |
dental | alveolar | post- alveolar |
retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | pharyngeal | glottal | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | ʈ ɖ | c Ɉ | k g | q ɢ | ʔ | ||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ | ||
Lateral fricative | ɬ ɮ | ||||||||||||
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||||
Lateral | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | |||||||||
Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ||||||||
Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | ||||||||||
Tap or Flap | ɾ | ɽ |
Where symbols appaer in pairs,
the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
Shaded areas denote articulations
judged impossible.
Phonetics: | |||
english | french | german | spanish |